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(Kaplan) Spitzer, Lottie (audio interview #6 of 9)
INTERVIEW DESCRIPTION - This is one of eight interviews with Lottie Kaplan Spitzer conducted over the course of four months as part of a Senior Honors project in collaboration with the Feminist History Research Project. This interview was conducted after a two month hiatus. The interviews were conducted at the ACWA Retirees Center, which probably helped Spitzer to remember and focus on her union experiences. On the other hand, it might have reinforced only positive sentiments about the union, particularly since at the time of the interview visits there constituted Spitzer's main social excursion. There is a great deal of overlap and repetitiousness between the interviews, partially because of Spitzer's tendency to go off into different directions in response to the interviewer's question. Clearly, certain events and people represent more salient memories and these are the ones she tends to repeat. Despite some of the repetitiousness, however, the interviews provide a nice picture of the kind of grass roots union organizing that women like her carried out, especially in the 1910s. TOPICS - living arrangements; classism; family businesses in Russia; overall factory; wages; living expenses; move to Chicago; living arrangements; and family background;family background and history; pressures to marry; living arrangements; religious practices; Hull House; Women's Educational Club at Hull House; family life; and family relationships;living arrangements; dating; marriage expectations; courtship; wedding; birth control; pregnancies and children; husband's work history and wages; family fur shop; living conditions; domesticity; and husband's position as a foreman at Turner Brothers;husband's work and relationship to management; family fur business; Spitzer's responsibilities in business; husband's return to work and joining the union after retirement; return to work, 1930s; Depression job scarcity; Frank Rosenblum; jobs at Mandel Brothers, Boston Department Store and Bonds Clothing Store; wages; educational aspirations for children; and husband's gender ideology;wages; children's college; socialism in the ACWA; Workmen's Circle; anarchism; Sidney Hillman; Jane Addams; Hull House; women reformers, 1915 strike; ethnic differentiations, Italians and Jews; 11/11/1974
- Date
- 2020-03-27
- Resource Type
- Creator
- Campus
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- Notes
- File: lhgwlspitzer15.mp3 Audio Segments and Topics: (0:00-3:00)... She disliked her living arrangements with the family next door to her aunt because of her landlady's cooking. After complaining to her aunt, she rented a three-bedroom apartment for Spitzer and three of her male cousins. Spitzer had her own room. Looking back, she wonders how she was ever able to live with three men. (3:00-6:24)... Her aunt and uncle owned a feed store in Fall River, but instead of working for them, she worked in her cousin's jewelry store, which was located on the same street. She earned $3/week. Most of the store revenue came from selling to the street peddlers who sold jewelry to the Italian, Portuguese, and French mill workers. (6:24-13:07)... Spitzer was curious about the factory workers in Fall River because she had never seen factory workers before coming to the US. All of the businesses in her home town were operated by families. Spitzer talks about the various shops there and their proprietors. Their landlord hired both a governess and maids, one of whom she befriended. The two reunited years later in Chicago. (13:07-15:43)... Spitzer continues to talk about her interest in observing the people and conditions in an overall factory next to her aunt's store in Fall River. After meeting the owner's grandson, he gave her a tour of the factory. When she became dissatisfied working her cousin's jewelry shop, she applied for a job at the overall factory. She became close friends with a girl who worked at the overall factory and they were still corresponding and visiting each other at the time of the interview. . (15:43-17:57)... Spitzer had never seen a clothing factory before she walked into the overall factory in Fall River. The dressmaker in her home town in Russia had one machine and worked alone. She shifts her focus and recounts the times she accompanied her father to Warsaw to purchase jewelry. Her only memories of these trips were the six-hour train ride and visiting her uncles in their jewelry stores. (17:57-19:56)... When Spitzer was hired at the overall factory, she was taught how to operate a sewing machine. She worked there five days a week and on Saturdays, she cleaned and repaired watches for a watchmaker. She usually worked on a maximum of five watches and was paid .25 cents/watch. Between the two jobs, she earned $5-$6/week, out of which she paid her aunt $3 for room and board. She was able to save some money and occasionally sent $10 to Russia for her father. She worked at the overall factory for about a year. (19:56-24:09)... When Spitzer became unhappy in Fall River, an aunt in Chicago with whom she regularly corresponded aunt invited her to move there. Once Spitzer found a bride for her cousin, she felt that it was time for her to leave. Her family was opposed to her moving to Chicago because of crime, but she argued that crime was possible in any city and that she would be safe with her aunt. Spitzer moved in with her aunt when she arrived in Chicago, and shared a bed with three of her cousins. [Editor's note: Spitzer clearly has conflated issues, referencing the St. Valentine's Day massacre, which occured in 1929, as evidence of the danger in Chicago.] (24:09-29:51)... Spitzer had first met her fraternal aunt, Sarah, when the aunt visited the resort town where Spitzer's father owned a jewelry store. Sarah married a tailor who immigrated to the US and went to work in a ladies garment factory located on Taylor Street in Chicago. Spitzer met her aunt again when she and four of her children came to see her father to get his assistance in crossing the German border on their way to the US. After her aunt arrived in Chicago, she had another child and her aunt and uncle struggled raising five children on a tailor's income. End of tape. File: lhgwlspitzer16.mp3 (0:00-1:29)... Spitzer's aunt and uncle struggled financially because her uncle was a religious man and refused to work on Saturdays. It was difficult for him to find a tailor shop that did not require workers to work six days a week. In addition to working in the shop during the day, he worked at home making custom suits for women. Some of his clients were the wives of prominent figures in government and judicial offices. He eventually lost his day job because his foreman felt that he was not producing enough garments. (1:29-6:34)... Whenever a family member immigrated to the US, they came to stay with her aunt and uncle in Chicago. Spitzer and these relatives paid her aunt and uncle $3/week room and board, which eased their financial burdens. After Spitzer married and left her aunt's home, three of her uncle's nephews moved in. They had a lot of friends who were students or working in various professions and Spitzer's aunt made sure there was food on the table when they visited. Eventually, her nephews' friends began paying her to prepare their meals. This income helped her pay for her children's education. Spitzer's cousins pursued various professions and contributed to the family income once they started working, continuing even after they left home. (6:34-9:19)... Spitzer describes her aunt as a lovely woman with a drive for knowledge and education. She knew how to speak Russian, Polish, Yiddish, and Hebrew, and after she arrived in the US, she went to school to learn how to speak English. She sent all of her boys to Hebrew school. When they were in the army, they corresponded with their mother in Yiddish, but she wrote back to them in English. When Spitzer moved to Chicago, her youngest cousin was only two years old. Spitzer helped her aunt with childcare and household responsibilities whenever it was necessary. (9:19-11:05)... Spitzer recounts how one of her cousins from Milwaukee who came to live at her aunt's would come came to the dinner table dressed in a coat and a hat because she wanted to pretend she was eating in a restaurant. (11:05-12:59)... Despite Spitzer's family's class snobbism, they did not look down on her uncle, even though he was a tailor. His family owned a tailor shop in Russia and he was very well educated. When Spitzer's maternal grandfather learned that her aunt married a tailor, he was very disappointed, but after he met him he was proud to have him in the family because he was an intelligent man. Although wealth was a symbol of status in Europe, education also was highly regarded because so few people could afford to go to school and get a higher education. (12:59-15:53)... Spitzer preferred Chicago to Fall River, Massachusetts. For three years, her uncle there wrote to her expressing his disappointment about her lack of progress in Chicago, especially that she had not yet married. She informed him that she would get married when she fell in love. She liked Chicago because there were more opportunities for education and cultural expansion. In contrast to Fall River, Chicago had a large number of libraries and schools. She spent a lot of time at the Jewish People's Institute where people participated in various activities. There was no evening school in Fall River, which was why Spitzer was educated by two of her cousins who were in medical school. (15:53-16:56)... Spitzer's aunt and uncle originally lived on Taylor Street. By the time she moved to Chicago in 1914, they had moved to Sawyer and 13th Street one block from Roosevelt Road, which was a predominantly Jewish neighborhood. (16:56-20:58)... Spitzer's uncle was very religious and would not allow the family to do any work on the Sabbath. Their home was heated by two iron stoves and on Saturdays, a Gentile woman came in and added coals to the stove and stoked the fire. When this woman could not come one Saturday, Spitzer's aunt asked her to stoke the stove. Spitzer told her aunt that she had committed a sin by asking her to do this, but she did it anyway. On Friday evenings, her aunt prepared their Saturday meal and served it when Spitzer's uncle came home from the synagogue. Although her uncle disapproved of her working on Saturday, she had no choice if she wanted to keep a steady job. (20:58-22:11)... After working half a day on Saturday, Spitzer walked to Hull House for a cup of coffee and something to eat. She met a lot of working girls there. After the 1915 strike, Hull House organized the Women's Educational Club for working-class women. (22:11-28:48)... Spitzer frequently spent her money on clothes for her cousins. She also took them to the nickel theater on the week-end. After she married, she showered her aunt with gifts for Mother's Day. She never fought with her cousins about anything serious. She was very close with Jeanette and they were there for each other during difficult times. She visited Jeanette in the hospital just before she died and it was a difficult experience. Spitzer spent the holidays with her aunt's family until it grew so large that her aunt could no longer accommodate everyone in her home. Spitzer digresses regarding her cousin's careers. End of tape. File: lhgwlspitzer17.mp3 (0:00-1:58)... Spitzer moved out of her aunt's home after her cousin Jeanette wore her clothes to work and they got into an argument. Spitzer could not go to work that day because she had nothing to wear. When she told a co-worker what happened, the woman offered to rent Spitzer a room. She lived with this woman and her in-laws until she married in 1917. (1:58-8:18)... Although she had a lot of suitors, Spitzer was not interested in getting married right away because she was young. She met her future fiance (Saul) while visiting her girlfriend Dora. Initially, Spitzer was not interested in dating him because he was too lively. The day after they met, he contacted Dora and persuaded her to set up another meeting with Spitzer. Spitzer was very upset with her girlfriend for arranging this second meeting. When she decided to leave Dora's home, he offered to walk her home. Although initially she tried to avoid making another date with him, she was attracted to him because he was a handsome, well-dressed, clean-cut man. (8:18-17:38)... Spitzer details the development of the relationship with her future fiance, Saul, before she decided to date him and then recounts their courtship, including his singing Russian love songs to her on an excursion they made to his cousin's graduation in Valparaiso, Indiana. He never made any advances towards her, and when they returned to Chicago, she made up her mind that he was a nice, well-behaved man and agreed to start dating him. They married four months later when she was seventeen and he was twenty-six. (17:38-18:49)... Spitzer and her fiance were by a Justice of the Peace, after which they had a nice dinner that she paid the woman she lived with to make. Spitzer's aunt was upset that didn't have a traditional Jewish wedding. Spitzer did not believe it was necessary for a rabbi to perform the ceremony, but she notes that when her children married, their ceremony was officiated by a rabbi. (18:49-21:59)... Spitzer's mother did not prepare her for marriage or talk to her about sex or reproduction. She learned about these things from her older girlfriends. When she was six months pregnant with her first child, she contracted the flu and her baby was born prematurely and after six hours. She had two more children, a boy and a girl. She decided not to have anymore children because she was active in an orchestra and did not want to be tied down at home. In order to prevent future pregnancies, she went to a clinic at the Jewish People's Institute and was instructed how to use a diaphragm. Spitzer was aware of Margaret Sanger's work and the clinics she opened, but Spitzer notes that the Jewish People's Institute was not affiliated with Sanger's clinics. (21:59-27:27)... When she married, Spitzer's husband was making $18/week as a tailor at Marshall Fields. He lost his job when he refused to work on military clothing because he was a conscientious objector. He worked at another tailor shop until he was laid off in 1920, at which time opened a tailor and fur shop. He had learned how to clean, repair, and make fur coats from his in Russia. When Spitzer's son was nine months old, they moved to the back of the store. It was not equipped with a bathtub, requiring them to wash in the sink. She occasionally accompanied her girlfriends to a bathhouse. Her activities during this period revolved around her family. She did not help her husband in his business except for keeping the store clean. They lived there until 1923. (27:27-29:31)... In 1923, Spitzer and her family moved into an apartment located on the south side of Chicago and her husband got a job as a foreman at a tailor shop on Roosevelt Road. His starting wage was $25/week and by the time he left the shop, he was making $75/week. She postponed having another child while they were living in the back of the store, and after they moved into an apartment, she became pregnant and had a daughter. The interview ends just as she is discussing an argument between her husband and the management at Turner Brothers regarding the working conditions in the shop. End of tape. File: lhgwlspitzer18.mp3 (0:00-1:42)... Turner Brothers, where Spitzer's husband was a shop foreman, was a union shop. However, the working conditions were poor and the owners were not fulfilling their union contract. Her husband had a difficult time finding people to work in the shop because of the conditions. He complained to the management, and when they refused to change their policies he quit. (1:42-4:49)... After Steinholtz's husband quit working at Turner Brothers, they opened a fur coat shop in a new neighborhood located on Devon. [Editor's note: although she states in this interview that the shop was on Devon and Fairfield, in the seventh interview, she mentioned Devon and Rockwell, and that they lived on Fairfield.] They spent $8,000 refurbishing the shop only to go out of business six months later because they did not have enough clients. The neighborhood was a new development and the people in the area mainly shopped in the Jewish ghetto on Maxwell Street. When their shop on Devon failed, they moved to the neighborhood of 79th and Ashland Avenue and opened another fur coat shop, which was much more successful. They even made enough money to go away on the weekends. (4:49-9:30)... Her husband's previous employers called him back to Turner Brothers, they offering him $125-150 dollars a week and free reign to operate the shop. Even though he worked in a union shop, he did not join the union because he felt it would create a conflict of interest with his employer. When he told Spitzer that he was closing their business to go back to to Turner Brothers, she cried. She had assumed an important role in the business, helping customers, as well as handling the bookkeeping and banking. She managed the liquidation of their supplies and equipment, some of which she kept in storage for a year in anticipation of her husband opening a new shop. However, he worked as a foreman at Turner Brothers until he retired in 1958 when he was sixty-five. (9:30-11:44)... A year after her husband retired, he decided to go back to work because he was bored. He inquired at the union, but since he was not a member, they wouldn't hire him. He went to work two days a week for a nephew of one of the owners of Turner Brothers, where he had previously worked as a foreman. The nephew's shop was unionized and Spitzer told her husband that he had to join the union in order to work there. She comments that he died a union man. (11:44-17:37)... When Spitzer wanted to return to work, her husband disapproved because he wanted her to be free to travel. She wanted to work to retain her seniority in the union. When she was sixty, she began making inquiries about the age listed on her immigration papers. She learned from social security officials that her immigration records showed that she was three years older than her birth age. She initially questioned this until she realized that it meant she could retire earlier. Apparently, the Jewish immigration agency added another year to the two her father had added. (17:37-21:49)... Spitzer began looking for work in the 1930s around the same time the CIO was being organized. She went to ACWA headquarters looking for work but was told there was nothing available. While filling out an application, sitting in the coffee shop at Mandel, she overheard a man talk about his need for workers to sew labels into overcoats. She approached him and told him that she was willing to do this work. After she finished sewing labels, she did some bottom felling and learned how to shorten and lengthen sleeves. Her wages were only .25 cents/hour in contrast to the union wage of .50 cents. She went to the union every day in search of work only to be told by the Labor Manager that there was nothing available. (21:49-27:30)... She left Mandel Brother's for a higher-paying job position at Boston's Department Store. She continued to inquire for work at the ACWA because she wanted to be paid union wages. When an Italian co-worker saw her at the union, he told the manager at Boston's and she was fired. Once at the union hall, she met with Frank Rosenblum and told him she wanted a job so that she could educate her children. He told the Labor Manager to take care of her because she was a union "old timer." Waiting for him to find her a job, she returned to Mandel Brothers for .35 cents/hour. She worked there until the ACWA found her a job at Bonds Clothing, where she worked for twenty-nine years. (27:30-30:09)... Spitzer went back to work because her husband was not making enough money to fund college expenses for both of their children. He had traditional views about women and did not think it was necessary for his daughter to go to college. He thought that she should get married and be a homemaker. Spitzer began saving all of her money so that she could put her children through college. The interview ends just as she is discussing the savings plan that Bonds Clothing established for workers. End of tape. File: lhgwlspitzer19.mp3 (0:00-0:57)... Spitzer made $25/week at Bonds Clothing, $10 of which was deducted and placed into a savings account. She used this money to pay for her daughter's $40 room and board in college. Spitzer allotted $5/week to pay for carfare and lunch and the rest of her wages went towards groceries and her daughter's expenses. She also gave her daughter spending money while she was in college. Her husband saved his wages as well as paid for the rest of their living expenses and their son's college expenses. (0:57-3:19)... Although her husband was sympathetic to anarchists and attended meetings where Emma Goodman and Alexander Berkman lectured, he never joined any group. One of her co-workers at Bonds was an anarchist and tried to convert her. She viewed anarchists as being "free" and didn't want that kind of life. However, she occasionally attended anarchist meetings with her husband. (3:19-7:24)... Spitzer was exposed to socialism through the ACWA, which encouraged members to support and vote for socialist candidates running for public office. She campaigned for these candidates by passing out leaflets. After the Russian Revolution, a few union leaders even went to Russia to establish tailor shops. She never joined the SP, and her activities on their behalf ceased after she married because she was too involved with raising a family. She and her husband joined the Workmen's Circle, a Jewish fraternal organization. After the Russian Revolution, many people were expelled from this group for expressing Bolshevik ideals. Her husband was expelled because he criticized the organization for not doing enough to help poor, working-class people. Other than occasionally attending these meetings, she was not involved in any political activities after she married. In addition to raising a family, she stayed busy by taking up music and joining an orchestra. In later years, she did some work for the Democratic Party. (7:24-12:05)... Spitzer recalls hearing Mother Jones lecture at ACWA meetings during labor strikes. Whenever she lectured, she told the same story about the time she was at lecture and the speaker described her as a fundraiser. She interrupted the speech and said, "I am not a fundraiser. I am hell raiser." She also liked to tell people about her efforts organizing miners' wives and children during strikes. Mother Jones also lectured at Hull House and was in Chicago during the Sacco-Vanzetti demonstrations. (12:05-14:19)... During WWI, socialists were arrested for protesting the war, including some prominent political figures. She recalls attending Victor L. Berger's trial. Her husband also opposed the war and registered himself as a conscientious objector. She was not involved in any anti-war protests because she was busy raising a family. However, she did attend meetings sponsored by the Workmen's Circle at which prominent people gave lectures. A few of their lecturers were professors from Chicago University. (14:19-19:35)... In addition to sponsoring lectures and educational classes, the women of Hull House participated in the 1910 and 1915 strikes. Spitzer recalls marching with women like Ellen Gates Starr, and Grace and Edith Abbott. After she married, Spitzer's involvement with Hull House declined. Much later, she accompanied a friend to conversational English classes and befriended the teacher. When he took them to Hull House, she noticed a large photograph of Sidney Hillman. He and Jane Addams were close friends and collaborated during the labor strikes in the clothing industry. Spitzer took the instructor on a tour of Hull House and talked about her association with the organization in the early 1900s. (19:35-24:15)... Spitzer talks about Jane Addams' Hull House, originally located on Halstead Street in a poor, Italian and Bohemia working-class neighborhood. Hull House began a cooking class and in 1915 they also organized the Women's Educational Club. When Addams noticed the filthy street conditions in working-class neighborhoods, she lobbied city officials to hire street cleaners. (24:15-27:34)... Spitzer talks about an Italian friend whose father worked as a street cleaner in Chicago. Unlike most Italian families, this friend's parents wanted their children to get an education so that they would not be stuck working in the clothing industry. Jewish families also encouraged their children to get a better education. In general, Spitzer believes that Italian, Polish, and Bohemian families raised their children to work in the clothing industry. The main goal of Italian families was to purchase a home, while Jewish families were concerned about acquiring an education and material possessions. End of tape.
- SUBJECT BIO - Lottie Kaplan Spitzer was an ardent union activist, who organized the shop where she was working in Chicago during the 1915 strike. Born in Kobrin, Russia, the oldest of six children in a relatively affluent family, she emigrated to the US with a friend when she was almost thirteen years old. A cousin in Fall River, Massachusetts, who hoped to marry her, sent her a boat ticket. She worked in his jewelry store briefly and then decided to go to work in an overall factory, to the dismay of her class conscious family. Unhappy in Fall River, once she found a wife for her cousin, she moved to Chicago at the invitation of an aunt. She went to work almost immediately in the garment industry and began organizing the non-union shop where she worked. She continued to organize and advocate for the union for the next three years. From 1918-1935 she was out of the waged labor force, working with her husband, Saul Zeiman, in the several different ventures they tried running a fur coat shop. She returned to the garment industry and union organizing activities, including leafleting for the CIO, in 1935 and continued working until her retirement in 1963. In 1948, she switched from her mixed-gender Local of the ACWA to the Women's Local (275). She particularly enjoyed the companionship of the women and the educational programs. Before retirement in 1963, she married the man who had been her foreman many years earlier and worked with him on establishing a Retirees Center. The interviews with Spitzer were conducted as part of a Senior Honors project by Kris Feichtinger, in collaboration with the Feminist History Research Project. INTERVIEW DESCRIPTION - This is one of eight interviews with Lottie Kaplan Spitzer conducted over the course of four months as part of a Senior Honors project in collaboration with the Feminist History Research Project. This interview was conducted after a two month hiatus. The interviews were conducted at the ACWA Retirees Center, which probably helped Spitzer to remember and focus on her union experiences. On the other hand, it might have reinforced only positive sentiments about the union, particularly since at the time of the interview visits there constituted Spitzer's main social excursion. There is a great deal of overlap and repetitiousness between the interviews, partially because of Spitzer's tendency to go off into different directions in response to the interviewer's question. Clearly, certain events and people represent more salient memories and these are the ones she tends to repeat. Despite some of the repetitiousness, however, the interviews provide a nice picture of the kind of grass roots union organizing that women like her carried out, especially in the 1910s. TOPICS - living arrangements; classism; family businesses in Russia; overall factory; wages; living expenses; move to Chicago; living arrangements; and family background;family background and history; pressures to marry; living arrangements; religious practices; Hull House; Women's Educational Club at Hull House; family life; and family relationships;living arrangements; dating; marriage expectations; courtship; wedding; birth control; pregnancies and children; husband's work history and wages; family fur shop; living conditions; domesticity; and husband's position as a foreman at Turner Brothers;husband's work and relationship to management; family fur business; Spitzer's responsibilities in business; husband's return to work and joining the union after retirement; return to work, 1930s; Depression job scarcity; Frank Rosenblum; jobs at Mandel Brothers, Boston Department Store and Bonds Clothing Store; wages; educational aspirations for children; and husband's gender ideology;wages; children's college; socialism in the ACWA; Workmen's Circle; anarchism; Sidney Hillman; Jane Addams; Hull House; women reformers, 1915 strike; ethnic differentiations, Italians and Jews;
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